Friday, December 27, 2019

College Education For The United States - 873 Words

College Education for Inmates A contentious issue in the criminal justice field is whether or not free college education should be provided to inmates while they are incarcerated. While some might argue that taxpayers should not be forced to fund these types of programs, others agree that it is extremely beneficial to not only the inmates but also the taxpayers as well. Not only are the inmates the kind of people in society who need education the most, but studies have shown a significant decrease in the recidivism rate of prisoners who participated in educational programs while incarcerated. I agree that California prisons should provide college educational programs to inmates because inmates need education more than ever, it is more financially efficient to provide educational programs, and it significantly reduces the recidivism rate. It is evident that education is the key to successful re-entry into society that most inmates are lacking. In California, entry-level jobs require more education than ever before in where jobs are extremely hard for anyone to find, and it is now more important than ever to incorporate educational programs into prisons. Inmates clearly understand the importance of education in their success once they are released, and it is time to provide them with the skills they need while they are incarcerated. Many inmates grew up in a family and a neighborhood that did not teach them right from wrong but rather reinforced a life of crime.Show MoreRelatedTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 PagesAnd Education for All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs aRead MoreTuition Free Public Colleges And Universities1619 Words   |  7 PagesTuition-Free Public Colleges and Universities: The Way to Go At the dawn of the twentieth-century, the movement that made a high school diploma widely available for every child in the United States, regardless of the income of their family, solidified America’s place as the home of the most educated workforce in the world, and helped to drive decades of economic prosperity. Now, nearly one-hundred years have passed, and other countries around the globe are catching up. In some cases, foreign nationsRead MoreFree Tuition And The United States Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Free tuition for colleges is a topic that has come up a lot lately in the United States. Especially in the beginning of this year, when the democratic race was in place, Bernie Sanders started making tuition-free colleges one of his campaign points. While there are some that seem to neglect the idea of free tuition, the majority will agree that if not free at least it should be affordable. This topic is a very interesting one because it provides fascinating facts on both sides of the spectrum. OneRead MoreU.s. Government Should Not Pay For The College Education943 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"No† to Free College Have you ever thought what would change if the United States Government were to pay for the first two years of college education? Many Americans believe the U.S. Government should not pay for the college education of students. The U.S. Government should not pay for the first two years of college education because of the possibility of higher tax rates, missed opportunity for students to learn the definition of discipline, and not to overlook the opportunities the governmentRead MoreEducation Is An Important Foundation For People All Around The World1525 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Education has become such an important foundation for people all around the world. Education differs from country to country. Education is very unique, education in the United States is not the same as it is in China. How can one explore their differences? Well, one can explore the importance of education, the education systems, higher education and the financial costs of education in both the United States and China. Importance of Education People all around the world attend schoolRead MoreCollege Education : Should Be Free1749 Words   |  7 PagesA College Education: Should be free In the United States of America, College education should be universal and free for all students. According to the department of education, the statics show that at least $60,000 graduate college student will be in debt after coming out of college, and if these college graduate attended an Ivy League even more will increase up to up ward of $100,000 in more debt even before these students get their first job. For these young college graduates,Read MoreComparison Between American And Chinese Higher Education1624 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison between American and Chinese Higher Education in the 21th Century Abstract: Higher education plays an important role in the development of a country.However,different countries have different system of higher education.We will research the commons and differences of higher education between China and America.It not only puts forward the differences of the higher education system between China and America,but also analyze the social environment,schools and teachers resources and attitudeRead MoreThe Increase College Tuition Rates936 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is an institution or establishment that provides higher education or specialized professional and vocational training. College students in the United States are blest with several opportunities to help further their college carrier at least beyond as associate degree, alas children in developing countries such as Cameroon faces an uphill battle to earn a college degree due to high tuition, poor transportation low technology and inflexible college schedules. The increase college tuition ratesRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of College Tuition1575 Words   |  7 PagesHowell English 102 21 October 2015 The Rise and Fall of College Tuition in the United States In the recent debate regarding the implementation of free college tuition across the United States, Jon Wiener, a Los Angeles journalist for The Nation, and Kelly Field, chief Washington reporter for The Chronicle of Higher Education who covers different federal education policies, discuss why college tuition should be abolished in the United States of America and the role of both Democratic and RepublicanRead MoreShould Free State College Education?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning the possibility of free state college tuition. Since Barack Obama first mentioned the idea in 2015, conflicts of interest have arisen surrounding the debate. Many people think that free state college education would enable more Americans to receive and then use an education at a higher level than in years past. Other argue that there will be many disadvantages to free state college education that would far outweigh the benefits. Providing free state college education to all American citizens would

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Why The Business Will Be Successful Or Not - 921 Words

2) If one is looking specifically at the market, there are a lot of factors to consider to determine whether the business will be successful or not. One of these factors is competition which is important because it will impact the amount of customers and could also pose a barrier to entry. For instance, if there is an established pho restaurant in Charlottesville one has to consider their market power and ability to outprice your restaurant or if they’ve been in the market for a while they may possess a competitive advantage over your future restaurant. Slightly related to competition is demand for pho which determines the price and number of customers willing to purchase pho at that price. One has to ask in relation to demand how many people in Charlottesville are willing to purchase pho at $4, is that price optimal? Demand also has sub-factors which must be considered such as are there substitutes for pho and what is the demand for those products (i.e. ramen restaurants). F urthermore, in the context of markets, it is important to consider supply costs. Are the supply markets for inputs volatile? Would I be able to handle a sharp increase in input prices and for how long? While market factors are important there are also more general factors to consider. The most important one to consider is the opportunity cost of this venture. Would time spent on this venture earn more in another venture? Earn more in a salary job working for someone else as opposed to running aShow MoreRelatedWhy Business Management Is Becoming A Successful Business4224 Words   |  17 PagesAbstract Owning a business is often a dream of many people but the reality of entrepreneurship can be an amazing experience. It takes a lot of planning and dedication for a business to be successful. Small business management is becoming very popular in the society in which we live. More and more people are looking to going into business for themselves. This paper will discuss how to start a business and it will also focus on the importance of family helping to run a successful business. Read MoreTransferring the Successful Business Model of Short-Haul Low-Cost Airlines to the Long-Haul Market ‚Äà ¬ Why Does It Not Work?3428 Words   |  14 PagesTransferring the successful business model of short-haul low-cost airlines to the long-haul market – why does it not work? Universidad del Pacifico Globalization, Multinational Corporations Foreign Direct Investment Research Paper 3.12.2012 1 1. Introduction In terms of financial achievements the airline industry has not performed well over the past decades. It has even been stated as ‘an example of how not to run business in the 21st Century, when looking at hard numericalRead MoreGreen Case Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagescontributed to Andrew Keller starting the biodiesel business? Were you surprised at the reasons he gave for starting the business? Do you think the decision to start the business was wise? Why or why not? There were a number of factors that contributed to Andrew Keller starting the biodiesel business. Keller had always been concerned with the environment. He was interested in coming up with a greener alternative to home heating and fueling. This was a business venture that not many had taken on so KellerRead MoreUnit Four: Principles of Supporting Change in a Business Environment1587 Words   |  7 PagesSection 1 – Understand why change happens in a business environment 1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer. Change happens in a business environment for a variety of reasons. Those reasons depend on both internal and external factors. For example as internal reasons for change would be the launch of a new product or service that a company is working on . As for external factors one of the external factors would beRead MoreBusiness Opening811 Words   |  4 PagesOpening up a business may be one of the hardest things one can do. There is a great amount of effort that goes into creating a business and even greater effort to make it successful. Before opening a business, owners are obligated to keep fresh, open ideas, have good management, and being able to financially sustain their business. Even this may not be enough to create a striving, successful business. There are many factors that go into whether a business is successful or a failure. One of theRead MoreTraits of Successful Women Entrepreneurs.1259 Words   |  6 Pagesachieving economic independence individually or in collaboration generates employment opportunities for others through initiating establishing and running an enterprise by keeping pace with her personal, family and social life. List of some of the successful women entrepreneurs Ekta Kapoor , Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman and Managing Director, Biocon Preetha Reddy, Managing Director, Apollo Hospitals Indra Nooyi- 4th position- Chief Executive—designate, PepsiRead More The Keys to Entrepreneurship Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagesto Entrepreneurship What makes a successful entrepreneur? What can one do to put oneself in a position to succeed on their own? Jay Goltz, for example, is an extremely successful entrepreneur who started his business from the ground up. In the summer of 1978, Jay Goltz founded the Artist’s Frame Service. His business started by using his father’s basement as his office, but eventually moved to an old factory district in Chicago. Today, Goltz’s business in the largest retail, custom pictureRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Business Manager846 Words   |  4 PagesMost small business owners would benefit by electing to hire a business consultant, particularly if they are just starting up or if their business is not doing as well they hoped it would. Consultants can help you in many ways, offering the breadth of their experience in business start-ups and management to enable you to get off to the best possible start or to rescue a failing business that nevertheless has good potential. Business Consultant Services When you hire a business consultant you areRead MoreThe Small Business Market Of America Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract By reviewing the small business market in America, the question of â€Å"Why?† can be asked. Why are more and more people leaving established careers to start small businesses and what is driving the success of these businesses. Steven Jones analyzes this question and looks into one particular small party planning business and breaks down the vital components of this successful business. Jones also dissects the scholarly articles of Professors John Seedon and Brendan O’Donovan, regarding commandRead MoreWhat Makes a Business Successful?1072 Words   |  5 Pagescorporate office. My major is Business Management, in which I am fascinated. I feel this research will help me understand my chosen career path better. I am familiar with the structure, policies and procedures within the corporate world, but I know there is more to a successful business than just what is seen on the surface. There are many aspects of a business that make it profitable and successful. If you hav e one person with a great idea you can make it successful. With our ever changing technology

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Reflective Strategy and Reflective Practice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Strategy and Reflective Practice. Answer: Reflection through learning is one of the most important approaches which a student can undertake to develop skills and enhance knowledge in his field of expertise. Reflective practice helps an individual to dissect different his own experiences into a number of aspects and evaluative the positive and negative outcomes associated with it. Gaining knowledge from experiences helps in growth of the individual in the fields of the external abilities as well as the internal traits as a human being (Roseman and vom Brocke 2015). It mainly helps the students to develop a habit of liking linking their knowledge with the experiences and thereby constructing the meaning form their own experiences. In the field of business and commerce, reflective practice has been found to be helpful in providing the brain with an opportunity to take a break amidst the different chaotic situations that occur while maintaining teamwork. It also helps in developing ethical relationship with team members and also with consumers. It also helps to untangle different adverse events and thereby sort through observation and experiences (Jones and Reckers 2014). In the intense competitive world of business, considering the multiple possible interpretations in effective teamwork, creating the correct meaning out of it and applying newly enhanced skill in similar future situations help to get success in work. For effective leadership, this learning from meaning making helps in ongoing growth and development and thereby helps in reaching the peak of success. In this assignment, similar reflective strategy would be used where I would try to link the knowledge gained in my university class lectures to my present experiences in the various teamwork I had been a part of. In this way, I would be able to understand the negative aspects of the experiences I had and would also get scopes to enhance my skills in the future. The reflection would mainly be written in the framework provided by Gibbs. The first step of the reflective cycle is called the description step where the events and experiences are noted down in details. While I was engaged in teamwork, I noticed several flaws in me which was affecting my teamwork and also hampering the outcomes of the team performance. I often had mood swings which affected my teammates as they were unable to communicate with me effectively. On a condition I engaged in an argument with a team member where I shouted on him with high voice. Later I got emotional about the situation and was feeling guilty about it. However, the incident resulted in development of negative feelings in team members which affected relationship building. Besides, I also have inefficient communication skills which included my inpatient listening skills and also my feedback giving and receiving skills. One day, when my team members were describing how things can be modified for better outco mes to me, I cut them down stating that I already knew them. This act of cutting them in between made them feel humiliated which affected their feelings for me. Moreover I am also introvert and do not have proper social skills with empathy, conflict management skill, relationship building and others which resulted in improper work output as a team. I was thinking of my own benefits rather than the teams benefits. The next stage is called the feelings stage. In this stage, an individual needs to open up about the feelings he had when the events took place. After the experiences, I noticed that all my team members were trying to avoid any communication with me. I felt they were being apprehensive about how would I behave as they were not sure about how I would react. Such feelings which they developed about me saddened me as I felt that I was not being able to make them understand my real self. They perceived me to be a bossy and negative, their perception about me affected me and I was gradually losing confidence from work. At a point of time, I was feeling so low that I decided to withdraw myself form the teamwork as I had nothing to look forward to. My self esteem was affected and I could not gather courage to carry forward with these situations. The next stage is called the evaluation stage. For evaluation of my experiences, I tried to go through the work of Zimmerman who had helped students like us by giving an idea about how self learning is extremely useful in academic courses. Without taking extensive help from professors, guides, teachers and others, every individual should try to initiate and direct their own efforts personally for enhancing their skills and knowledge and then utilizing them for re-correcting their attitudes. Zimmerman is of the opinion that a student who undertakes self regulated learning is more successful than others. This is because they get the scope to fight out their own flaws and disabilities and develop strategies which help them to handle any adverse situations. Knowledge which is spoon fed do not have long lasting effect as they tend to erase away from the mind. Rather gaining knowledge by self research and then applying them in reality stays with an individual for long. Zimmerman (2002) has stated three important steps which should be considered by an individual to develop the practice of self regulated learning. The first step is the self regulated learning strategies which include incorporating specific actions and processes which involve proper purposes, agency as well as instrumentality actions and processes (Zimmerman 2002). For these, the information collected form classes should be first organized and then arranged. This should be then transformed followed by self-consequating them and then seeking information. Then the students should use memory aid and rehearse them to get acclimatized with them. Another aspect which Zimmerman has paid importance is the concept of self efficacy. This can be defined as the capability of an individual which when developed properly will help him to organize and implement actions independently which are important to attain designated skills. The last aspect is the achieving of academic goals which include social esteem, trying fo r better grades, proper post graduation employment opportunities which need to be attended on time. I decided to follow the Zimmermans procedure of self regulated learning so that the issues which I have faced in my teamwork can be resolved by me. I will do this by effectively linking the theory studied in class with my practical experiences and developing skills and knowledge. The next stage is called the analysis stage. In this stage, I applied the principles of Zimmerman and tried to reflect upon the courses which I have studied in the class and link the learning in my present workplace. As I had been poor in team communication, the lectures I attended in class on communication topics helped me develop my communication skills. My self-regulated learning and researches helped me to go through the importance of following the five important steps of teamwork which was proposed by Tuckman and Jensen in 1977. I believe the steps like forming, storming, norming, and performing, adjourning and next steps, if followed properly by me will help me maintain proper teamwork skills. Moreover, I was also able to connect my classes on ethical working in business with the experiences I had. I realized that I was engaged in ethical egoism which was actually preventing me to care for the entire team work and making me more concentrated on the individual result. Moreover, the emotional intelligence classes also made me understand that I did not have proper self control over my activities. I also had no proper social skills like empathy, relationship building and others and proper strategies to overcome them were also understood by me form the classes. The class also taught how Johari window is helpful in making individual realizes about the various skills which he posses, which he is unknown about, which others know or do not know. This acts a as communication diagnostic tool for self evaluation and betterment of skill (Gul and Mehmood 2016). The next stage is called the conclusion phase. The above steps have helped me to understand Zimmermans self regulated learning approach and how to use the approach in connecting experiences with the learning developed in class. The knowledge which is provided in the class is very specific and is immensely helpful in understanding the mistakes made by me in the teamwork (Delaney et al. 2017). Not only that, it had also provided me with strategies about how I can link the theories and develop proper teamwork skills. The information about different business attributes like teamwork, interpersonal communication skills, ethical working styles and others provided in class have can be used by me to overcome the barriers that I am facing now. This would help me to empower myself and develop confidence again. This would ultimately make me a smart business professional providing me with a bright career in future (Hodges et al. 2015). The next stage is the action step. Form the various experiences, I understood I have negative aspects in my communication skills, emotional intelligence skill, as well as also issues in self control and management. Therefore, I would be using Zimmermans self regulated learning approach from now on. I would try to connect the theories and learning of the university and link them with the present experiences. I would take up initiatives that would help me overcome my negative aspects and emerge out as a positive minded business professional. References: Delaney, Y., Pattinson, B., McCarthy, J. and Beecham, S., 2017. Transitioning from traditional to problem-based learning inmanagement education: the case of a frontline manager skills development programme.Innovations in Education and Teaching International,54(3), pp.214-222. Gul, F. and Mehmood, N., 2016. A Study to Assess Relevance between Content of Business Courses and Development of Entrepreneurial Skills in Technology Education Institutes.Journal of Social Sciences Humanities (1994-7046),24(2). Hodges, N., Watchravesringkan, K., Yurchisin, J., Hegland, J., Karpova, E., Marcketti, S. and Yan, R.N.T., 2015. Assessing curriculum designed to foster students entrepreneurial knowledge and small business skills from a global perspective.Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal,43(4), pp.313-327. Jones-Rikkers, C.G., 2014. Using Social Media and Professional Development Programs to Enhance Student Acquisition of Soft Skills.M-PBEA Journal, p.9. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook onbusiness process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Watson, G. and Reissner, S. eds., 2014.Developing skills for business leadership. Kogan Page Publishers. Zimmerman, B.J. 2002 Achieving Academic Excellence: A Self-Regulatory Perspective in Ferrari, M. (ed) The Pursuit of Excellence Through Education. Lawrence, Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah NJ. Pp.85-110.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Music Analysis free essay sample

â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (Im killin these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a bad bitch because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights

Introduction Masculinity is a term used to categorize human behave that uses a lot energy and force. Baker (164) explains that masculinity refers to the ‘manliness’ of a character. A female who exposes male qualities is identified as threatening to the society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Masculinity may explain the character of the forceful male or the threatening female who bears the forces of a man. In the Wuthering Heights (Bronte E. 59), Heathcliff demonstrates masculinity when he was a child. He endures pain without crying or complaining. Ellen describes that â€Å"he gave little trouble when sick† (60). This was the source of admiration to Ellen for the despised boy. Gothic is a category of art associated with creation of anxiety and shock. Heller associates Gothic with haunted old buildings, famil y lineages entrapped in curses, and supernatural powers among other things (Lonoff Hasseler 68). Jane’s description about the abandoned boats forms part of Gothic portrayal (Bronte C. 8). Cottom discusses that the â€Å"institution of the family sets stage for creativity of the inhuman agencies† (1073). The narrator also expresses shock and anxiety that makes them unreliable (Lonoff Hasseler 68). Gothic masculinity is a form of art that uses the male figure as a symbol of anxiety and shock. Cottom explains that the Gothic uses â€Å"manipulation of the thoughts, and images to the figure of a malignant demon† (1077). Gothic masculinity uses a male character to overpower the malignant demon such as in the Wuthering Heights. From these phrases, Gothic masculinity may refer to the maleness of the figure or character that creates anxiety in a story. In Jane Eyre, masculinity is expressed through the threatening female character. Female Gothic is associated with a f emale figure becoming the cause of anxiety (Lonoff Hasseler 68). In the Wuthering Heights, Catherin’s childhood character is male Gothic because he behaves like a man. Her version of a ghost forms the female Gothic (Lonoff Hasseler 67). Catherine represents the unexpected behavior of a girl or woman. Seclusion as a necessity for masculinity Seclusion refers to the separation of the main character from a comfortable place to another region where he hardens. On his return, the person demonstrates changes in opinion or form. Cottom (1069) explains that seclusion from the world is one of the characteristics of Gothic.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Cottom, it is â€Å"a trademark motif† (1069). In the Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is separated from his home for three years where nobody but himself knows how he survived. In his return, the na rrator uses a transformation of his body to that of a ghost. Lockwood narrates that â€Å"A ray fell on his features; the cheeks were sallow, and half covered with black whiskers; the brows lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular†¦ What! I cried, uncertain whether to regard him as a worldly visitor† (Bronte E. 147). Cottom (1069) explains that Gothic exposes an experience of uncertainty. The initial explanation of the narrator makes the reader expect a ghostly visitation. Lockwood’s experience with ghosts makes the expectation almost certain for the reader. The transformation may also be a symbol of the changes in the character’s mind. Heathcliff was once separated from his home when he was a child. The first separation that hardened him. It made him a child who neither complains nor cries. He shares the same characteristic with Jane Eyre. Goddard explains that a child needs to be â€Å"separated from the mother to attain manhood† (26). In many soci eties, the mark may be physical such as circumcision in some African societies. In Heathcliffs’ case, the changes are psychological. The changes have made him a hardened boy and Jane a hardened girl. Complete separation results in complete masculinity. Gothic masculinity also expresses the mystery of the male character to survive in difficult conditions. Baker argues that Gothic masculinity uses a â€Å"transgressive hero whose intellect and passion places him outside normative social and ethical bounds† (166). The social and ethical bounds expect some form of femininity in a male figure. In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff expresses an excessive passion that drives him away from Wuthering Heights. The discovery of being despised by Catherine for a husband exposes his excessive passion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His surviving under the big storm remains mysterious to the society. He was aware of what was going on in Wuthering Heights despite being hidden in another place. He knew that Catherin had got married to Edgar Linton. The others had never heard of him for three years (Bronte E. 150). Heathcliff appears to be more intelligent than the others. His running away may be put into the Baker’s explanation that â€Å"excessive emotion and transgressive desire are controlled or expelled† (166). Heathcliff seems not to have controlled the excessive emotion but to have expelled it after the long seclusion. The last part of Heathcliffs’ seclusion is when he dies and he is buried. Comparing the death scene of Mr. Earnshaw to that of Heathcliff, there is seclusion in the latter. While Mr. Earnshaw was surrounded by the children and workers, Heathcliff dies in an image where he still appears alive. He smiles exposing his teeth and lifts his hand as if resting (Bronte E. 536). The scene scares Ellen. The seclusion through death is necessary to release his image as a ghost that haunts the streets. He joins Catherin’s ghost to haunt the streets. This is evident from the boy crying in the streets because he has seen the ghostly couple. He weeps that â€Å"There’s Heathcliff and a woman yonder, under t’ nab† (Bronte E. 538). One can say that Heathcliff’s ghost is bold enough to haunt the streets compared to Catherin’s which only haunted Wuthering Heights. The ghostly couple has more courage after being joined by Heathcliff. Seclusion allows the secluded character to form images of his/her own and to disfigure objects into moving creatures. It can be seen at the boy taking care of sheep. It can also be seen on Ellen when he stares at Heathcliff, and Lockwood when he sleeps alone in a haunted room among other instances. Seclusion intensifies anxiety and draws attention to the unexpected. In Jane Eyre, seclusion is asso ciated with the Gothic images that Jane forms (Bronte C. 23). The ghosts may come from the vaults or the abandoned boats.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Male domination over female ghosts Male domination is the main characteristic of Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights. Male characters are able to dominate over female ghosts. The dominant male characters in the Wuthering Heights are also able to control female and other male characters. The male dominance is seen in romantic love, economic power, and ghosts among other things. Goddard argues that masculinity is attributed to â€Å"power relations in which the male is always dominant† (24). The dominance also appears as a perception of others. In Wuthering Heights, the perception of others is able to grant Heathcliff Gothic masculinity. This is evident in Catherin’s perception on Heathcliff that â€Å"He is more of myself than I am† (Bronte E. 127). Catherine was recognized as the threatening female but she perceives Heathcliff to possess more of Gothic masculinity than herself. Goddard (37) argues that masculinity is expressed as an admiration of her def iciencies in what Heathcliff possesses. In Wuthering Heights, men dominate over ghosts. When Lockwood was sleeping, he had an image of ghosts that made him scream. His screaming wakes all the others in the house. His image was able to harm that of Catherin. However, it was his pleading that made the ghost release his hand. Lockwood narrates that â€Å"I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down and soaked bedclothes, still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’ It maintained its tenacious gripe† (Bronte E. 39). From the description, it appeared that Lockwood had control over the ghost but from his screams the other people in the house thought he was being strangled. The courage to fight back on ghosts portrays Gothic masculinity on Lockwood. Lockwood expresses his dominion by saying that â€Å"I shall not forget the effect my action produced† (Bronte 40). Unlike the others, Heathcliff was not moved by the screams and makes a joke about it. Heathcliff says unsympathetically that â€Å"don’t repeat that horrid noise: nothing could excuse it, unless you were having your throat cut† (Bronte E. 41). Lockwood appears to be a victor over ghosts and Heathcliff appears so hardened that nothing can scare him. In this case, Heathcliff appears to be what Brownberger describes as â€Å"a man’s man† (15). It means he is superior to other men. The Gothic may be portrayed as a dream but the anxiety it creates appears real. Cottom explains that â€Å"Rene Descartes’ ‘Meditations’ was the first Gothic novel† (1068). Meditations are images that are portrayed in a dream. It allows the author to use things considered irrational or unnatural without limits. Another situation that exposes Gothic masculinity in Wuthering Heights is when Ellen finds Heathcliff exhuming the bodily remains of Catherin from her grave. Ellen is worried to say â€Å"You were very wicked, Mr He athcliff! Were you not ashamed to disturb the dead?† On the other hand, Heathcliff replies that â€Å"I gave some ease to myself. I shall be a great deal more comfortable now.† (Bronte E. 462). Heathcliff wants to get a clearer picture of the ghost that haunts him. It was unusual to pursue ghosts into their hiding places especially in the times when the book was written. Modern people may have seen many horror movies to gain courage for adventure. Heathcliff explains that he has â€Å"a strong faith in ghosts† (Bronte E. 462). His courage surpasses the natural by claiming that he wishes he was buried with the body alive as he was found in her grave. It would appease him (Bronte 463). Heathcliff thinks about kicking ghosts (Bronte 464). It shows unnatural courage. The reader is tantalized by the unexpected Heathcliff’s character upon the dead. Baker explains that â€Å"the original self does not exist instead a radically disrupted masculine subject† (167). Baker argues that the unusual character, who he calls the abject, â€Å"creates taboos and defends unitary subjectivity from plurality† (167). Heathcliff’s unitary subjectivity is that he is supposed to see Catherin’s corpse to calm himself from the ghost that has been visiting him for 18 years (Bronte E. 463). Plurality requires that the dead should not be disturbed. He expresses lack of fear over ghosts. This is form of Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights. Baker (168) argues that the abject can understand the ways of the unusual because he is one. Nelly narrates that he seems to be roaming outside at night like a vampire (Bronte 527). The abject character also uses reason to justify his actions. Heathcliff explains his disturbing actions rationally. Baker (166) argues that Gothic masculinity combines rationality and madness. Heathcliff identity with the ghost is expressed when he asks Ellen that he may also lie next to Catherin’s remains because the cheek of her ghost touched his while he slept (Bronte E. 462). Baker (170) recognizes self-identity as a form of enlightenment to the abject. He uses Cartesian self-identity ‘I’. This identity is supported by Qualls’ argument that Nelly Dean felt as if she was not among â€Å"a person of her own species† (Lonoff Hasseler 57). Gothic masculinity is expressed through Heathcliff’s identity with the dead. Heathcliff expresses power over the dead. Masculine dominance through economic power Male dominance is also expressed through economic power. Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights is linked to economic power. The transfer of wealth to a cuckold is Gothic. Brownberger (4) explains that cuckoldry was a condition that was dreaded in the 19th century. It that made Bronte to assign it to the Wuthering Heights. Brownberger (4) argues that Heathcliff takes control of both the Wuthering Heights and the Thrushcross Grange in the same manner a s a true cuckoo. The eviction of natural inhabitants is what makes Heathcliff’s possession of economic power Gothic masculinity. It was frightening to think of such an event in the age of cuckoldry. Bronte expressed a new form of plot by allowing a cuckold to play the role of dominance. Heathcliff is given economic and intellectual dominance over true inhabitants of the land. Brownberger argues that Heathcliff’s â€Å"stoicism and self-sufficiency shows that he satisfies the ideal Victorian masculine role† (16). A cuckold was expected to be weak and inferior to the normal male person at the time. Bronte created a character that surpassed the categorization of cuckolds in that period. She created an ideal male from one who is considered inferior. It is the creation of the ‘other’ that makes it Gothic masculinity (Goddard 37). The male is recognized as the provider of family needs. Goddard (37) explains that by providing for the family, the man is per ceived as masculine. Heathcliff’s ability to provide for all the others makes him appear masculine. Being a cuckold, his situation creates Gothic masculinity. Goddard (24) argues that masculinity depends on what the society perceives. In Jane Eyre, her masculinity is an expression of her gained wealth (Bronte C. 99). A woman appears masculine if she dominates. Jane Eyre appears masculine through her role in society and achievements. Male dominance is also expressed through force and cruelty in the Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff allows Catherine to snatch the keys from his hands but then he grabs her and slaps both of her cheeks with powerful blows. Catherine is confused and allows the keys to fall on the floor (Bronte E. 433). Heathcliff shows physical dominion over the female character. Goddard claims that men may try to â€Å"assert their power by abusing female vulnerabilities† (28). The cruelty makes Nelly and the others to perceive him as a monster. The male is als o portrayed as decisive over female indecisiveness. Heathcliff claims that â€Å"I would not allow anyone to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it† (Bronte E. 3). Qualls argues that female characters have been used to express indecisiveness (Lonoff Hasseler 54). In the Wuthering Heights, male dominance is also expressed through romantic love. Men appear dominant in choosing and controlling their lovers. It is the case with Edgar Linton and Catherine. Catherine would like to choose Heathcliff but the ‘present’ conditions do not allow such a choice of degradation. Cottom (1067) argues that Gothic ruins perspective and sympathies. When he takes his place to house Catherine after Edgar’s death, he appears to have won. When he dies, he appears with Catherin as ghosts. It goes against the common thought that cuckolds are soft. Brownberger argues that â€Å"a revenging cuckold was unheard of† (17). Heathcliff is able to take Catherine after death. In Jan e Eyre. Rochester has to pretend to be a woman to get to know the Jane’s feelings (Bronte C. 237). St. John’s description of Jane’s masculinity is that â€Å"she is not made for love† (Bronte C. 131). Romance and male dominance are linked through economic power as in the situation that makes Catherine choose Edgar instead of Heathcliff. Conclusion Gothic masculinity is expressed through the unexpected dominance of a character and through his/her extraordinary strength. The character challenges and overcomes the common oppressive setting to create his/her own where he/she is free to exaggerate her masculinity. In the Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is portrayed as an extraordinary figure that emerges out of the despised. He wants to be buried without the attendance of the clergy. His unusual acts do not stop even after he has died. Works Cited Baker, Brian. Gothic Masculinities. New York: Routledge, 2007. Print. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Bronte, Emily 1847, Wuthering Heights. PDF file. 26 Apr. 2013. http://www.planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/free_ebooks/wuthering_heights_t.pdf. Brownberger, Danielle. The Gothic Monster and the Cuckold: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly in Wuthering Heights. n.d. Cottom, Daniel. ‘I Think; Therefore, I am Heathcliff.’ ELH Journal. 70.4, (2003): 1067 -1088. Print. Goddard, Kevin. â€Å"Looks Maketh the Man: the Female Gaze and the Construction of Masculinity.† Journal of Men’s Studies, 9.1, (2000): 23-39. Print. Lonoff, Sue Terri, Hasseler. Approaches to Teaching Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2006. Print. This research paper on Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights was written and submitted by user Teagan Cantrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Impact of Global Warming on Wine Makers

Impact of Global Warming on Wine Makers Introduction Global warming is one of the most important issues affecting the world today. Most of the worlds climatologists agree that the planet is warming and will continue to do so as more greenhouse gasses are emitted into the atmosphere.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Global Warming on Wine Makers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) declares that while global warming has been happening naturally for centuries, most of the global warming experienced since the 1950s can be attributed to the greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by human activities (Webb, Whetton, Barlow, 2008). Over the last three decades, scientists, policy makers, and governments have acknowledged that this phenomenon has many adverse effects on the Earth. These effects include a rise in sea levels, heat waves, flooding, droughts, proliferation of diseases, and the destruction of biodiver sity. Global warming has had a significant impact on the agricultural sector since plants are affected by environmental conditions. One of the plants that have been significantly affected by this phenomenon is wine grapes, which are the raw material for wine production. Researchers reveal that grapes are some of the most climate sensitive fruits in the agricultural industry (Smart, 2006). Wine makers have come to the realization that they must acknowledge the impacts that climate change has on their industry and proceed to react appropriately to these changes. This paper will consider the ways in which the wine industry can adjust to the global warming phenomenon and continue producing high quality wines for the market. The paper will also discuss ways in which wine makers can reduce their own contributions to global warming. Wine Grapes and the Climate All agricultural products thrive under certain ideal climatic conditions that might be unique to the particular product. Jones (201 2) reiterates that climate is a pervasive factor in the success of all agricultural systems and it influences aspects such as the suitability of certain crops to certain regions (p.284). Wine grapes are unique from most agricultural products in that they require very precise climate conditions to produce optimally.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To begin with, vineyards are able to thrive in very limited geographical regions with most vineyards being found within the narrow latitude range of 300 to 500 on both sides of the equator. Outside of this range, vineyards do not flourish and it is uneconomical to engage in commercial cultivation of wine grapes. In addition to this, vineyards are susceptible to weather changes. Unlike many plants, which are equipped to adapt to a wide range of weather conditions, grapes have a low threshold for extreme weather. Extremes su ch as frost, freeze, or heat wave have a negative impact on the plants. Smart (2006) explains that the wine sector will be affected by changing weather conditions more than other crops since there is only a small average temperature difference between the present day wine regions making even slight shifts in global temperatures important for the sector. The weather changes caused by global warming therefore have an impact on the life cycle of grape development. Possible Issues Arising due to Global Warming Wine makers face a number of issues because of global warming. The number of wine varieties available today is significantly reduced because of global warming. The varieties of grapes used for winemaking influence the quality and taste of wine produced. Various wine makers therefore specialize in certain varieties to produce high quality wine. Changes in average temperatures will restrict the varieties of grapes that can be produced in vineyards in specific geographical regions. S pecifically, global warming may lead to the destruction of certain premium wines found in specific geographical locations. Lasink (2004) notes that there are concerns that it the global temperatures continue to rise, the wine industry will be adversely affected. Wine makers will be forced to plant grape varieties that can withstand the higher temperatures or otherwise move their vineyards to higher latitudes where the temperatures are cooler. The various flavours of wine are formed within the final weeks before the grapes are harvested. In these crucial weeks, the flavouring compounds in the grapes emerge and the sugars develop fully.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Global Warming on Wine Makers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lasink (2004) reveals that this process is highly weather-dependent; if the weather is too hot, the wine will not be well flavoured and if the weather is not hot enough, the grape w ill not ripen completely. As global warming occurs, the ideal weather conditions for ripening will not be present. This will result in reduced production as most grapes will not ripen sufficiently. Many wine makers specialize in certain brand of wines, which have a unique taste that is recognizable to the consumers. The close relationship between quality wine production and climate is based on the concept of terroir. Webb et al. (2008) explain that the concept of terroir involves matching premium winegrape varieties to particular combinations of climate, landscape, and soils to produce unique wines of particular styles. The terroirs will be affected if there is a change in the local climate of a particular wine growing region. Subsequently, this alteration in terroirs will affect the grape quality. The climatic changes are likely to change the vegetative cycle of the grapevine. This could affect the organoleptic properties of grapes leading to the production of wines with new tastes (Sampedro Sanchez, 2010). Such a phenomenon would have a negative impact on vintage wines that have a distinctive taste. Studies indicate that traditional wine producing areas such as Bordeaus in France and Tuscany in Italy will experience sharp declines in grape production in thirty years due to global warming (Goldenberg, 2013). Wine makers highlight that grape varieties such as gewurztraminer, noir, and pinot prefer cool temperatures while blanc, merlot, sauvignon and chardonnay flourish in intermediate to warm temperatures (Lasink, 2004). A few varieties including cabernet, zinfandel and sauvignon like hot temperatures. For each grape variety, the climatic conditions have to be within a narrow range in order for superb crops to be harvested. The rising temperatures are already making it hard for some wine regions to produce their vintage wines using the traditional grapes. There is an intrinsic link between wine quality and the specific climatic conditions of a geographical re gion (Webb, et al., 2008). While defining wine quality is an inherently subjective concept, it can be quantified using vintage ratings used by renowned global wine publications such as Sothebys or regional vicultural organization quality scales (Holland Barry, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The wines that score highly on this quality scales are generally associated with low frost damage in mild winters, early budburst, and development during warm springs. Results from a contemporary Australian study on the impact of projected climate changes on different wine growing regions and varieties indicated that in most regions, wine grapes are grown at either optimum or above optimum temperatures (Webb et al., 2008). Global warming will therefore have a negative impact on wine grape quality on these regions as it will make the regions too warm for the production of high-quality wines of any type. Climate change may favour the production of low quality wine varieties. Temperature rises caused by global warming may encourage the production of high quality grapes that have a relatively high sugar levels. Lower temperatures during the ripening stage may encourage relatively high acid level grapes, which are or a lower quality. Wine makers will not obtain the premium price for thes e wines since the highest quality wines are produced from grapes that have an ideal balance between sugar levels and acid levels (Holland Barry, 2010). There will be a decline in the industry as some wine makers will move out of wine production due to reduced profits. Global warming might lead to the destruction of some of the distinctive wine styles attributed to some specific geographical regions in the world. These specific characteristics of wines are a factor of the season duration experienced by the wine grapes. Global warming will compress the duration between budburst and harvesting therefore leading to earlier harvest days. A long study on phenology in the France region of Bordeaux found that the harvest in 1997 was 13 days earlier than in 1952 (Holland Barry, 2010). This phenomenon was attributed to the warming trends experienced in the region over the previous 5 decades. As this warming trend continues, it can be expected that ripening will occur under increasingly warm er conditions. This will lead to a distortion in the specific characteristics of wines produced in some regions, which are well known for their distinctive wine styles. There is a possibility that global warming will lead to the destruction of certain varieties of wine grapes. As has been noted, different varieties of grapes thrive best under certain weather conditions. In most cases, warmer temperatures are ideal for winegrape cultivation. Lasink (2004) explains that at the present, some wine makers are experiencing great harvests and outstanding wine qualities. This phenomenon is attributed to the rising temperatures, which increase the quality of premium wines. However, while warm weather has led to the increase in production for some wine grapes, it might have an adverse effect on other varieties. Galbreath (2011) warns that if temperatures increase beyond a certain threshold level, some entire vintages will be wiped out. Global warming will result in the scarcity of water in so me areas. As a result of the warming of the climate system there have been increases in the frequency of warm spells, heavy rainfall, and heat waves in many regions on the planet. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that the average rainfall levels will decrease in the coming years and there will be a rise in the number of droughts in some geographical locations (Sampedro Sanchez, 2010). As it currently stands, the wine industry relies on vast quantities of water to operate. Grapes require a large amount of water and Colman and Paster (2007) document that these plants can consume between 1.2 and 2.5 megalitres per hectare. For this large water demand to be met, the local aquifers should have substantial amounts of water in their reserve. Alternatively, there should be adequate rainfall in the area. As global warming becomes for severe over the years, it is possible that some wine growing regions will experience prolonged drought. This will lead to a scarcity of water leading to poor yields. Wine production in Australia is currently being affected by the extreme climate conditions caused by global warming. Galbreath (2011) reveals that most of the premium wines in Australia have been sourced from northern European grape varieties such as Shiraz, Blanc, and Chardonnay. These grape varieties are intolerant to prolonged dry spells. They have therefore been deleteriously impacted on by the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and prolonged droughts in many grape-growing regions in the country attributed to global warming. Wine grape vines are prone to the negative effects of global warming since these plants are perennial. As perennial plants with a productive life of more than 50 years, they will be exposed to the climate changes that occur during their lifespan. Most varieties of grape vines will be unable to cope with the significant climate variations that occur to them (Jones, 2012). Wine makers will therefore suffer since the y will have to make adjustments that might involve getting rid of entire vineyards before the capital investments made on the plants has been recovered. The chemical fertilizers used in vineyards are a main contributor to climate change. Currently, grapes require significant amounts of agrichemicals (between 50 and 100kg per ton) (Colman Paster, 2007). This agrichemical usage can be expected to increase as global warming, which is accompanied by the increase in pest and diseases, continues to occur. With the increase in global temperatures, vineyards will suffer from more pest and disease attacks. Global warming will increase the quantity of chemicals needed to prevent diseases and pests from overwhelming the vineyards. The overuse of agrichemicals will lead to greater environmental degradation. Pesticides and other chemical fertilizers will contaminate the subterranean waters leading to further greater pollution. Possible Responses and Recommendations Energy uses Traditionally, th e greenhouse gas emissions from the production and distribution of wine have occurred with little restrictions. However, the global warming phenomenon has forced wine makers to consider their carbon footprints. Research shows that grapes yield a relatively low output of greenhouse gases per hectare compared to many other crops (Colman Paster, 2007). While the wine industry has a relatively low carbon footprint compared to other crops, there are still ways through which the carbon emissions can be lowered. Wineries can reduce their GHG emissions by shifting to renewable energy sources. Energy consumption currently contributes 60-75% of the overall GHG emissions in wineries (Galbreath, 2011). Most wine makers use fossil fuel based energy sources to power their operations. Fossil fuels are the greatest contributors to the global warming problem facing the world. Any reduction in fossil fuel usage will have a positive impact on the climatic conditions. Galbreath (2011) suggests that wi neries should use alternative energy supplies such as solar, geothermal, and wind to significantly reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Transportation makes the greatest contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions produced in the wine supply chain. Colman and Paster (2007) illustrate that the transportation impact begins with the delivery of agrichemicals, barrels, and bottles. However, this impact is highest during the transportation of the finished wine product to the consumers. The mode of transportation used determines the level of GHG emissions produced by a unit of wine. Container shipping is the most efficient since it has an emission factor of 13.17 grams of CO2 per ton of cargo per km transported. On the other hand, air cargo produces 570 grams of CO2 per ton of cargo per km, which means it has an emission factor of over 43 times that of container shipping. Utilizing a mode of transportation that has a low emission factor is therefore key to reducing the greenhouse emiss ions caused by wine transportation. Winemakers should therefore refrain from using air cargo, even though this transportation mode is able to deliver the product to any destination within a matter of hours. The carbon emission level is also impacted by whether the wine is bottled at the source or near the consumer. Colman and Paster (2007) reveal that the climate impact of transporting the bottles to the customer from the source is higher than if the wineries ship in bulk and bottle the wine closer to the consumer. If this technique is implemented, the quantity of non-product being moved from source to destination will be significantly reduced. This will effectively reduce the emissions caused by transportation by between 33 and 50%. Vine Selection Some of the effects of climate change cannot be avoided and wine makers will have to adapt themselves to the new climatic conditions. Wine makers can engage in variety substitution as an adaptation strategy for the climate change being ex perienced. The shift based on viticulture suitability will ensure that the wine makers are able to preserve their current infrastructure and continue making wine in the current locations even as the climate changes. This method is viable in cooler climates where the current grape varieties used for wine production can be substituted with varieties that do well in warmer temperatures. If this is done, Webb et al. (2006) predict that a positive impact from global warming could be realized for some wine-grape varieties. Some wine makers in countries such as Australia and Italy have started planting new varieties to accommodate the changing weather conditions. In Australia, wine makers areas experiencing higher temperatures have started planting heat resistant varieties such as the Spanish Tempranillo, which is suited to hot climates (Galbreath, 2011). Vineyards Location Wine makers can avoid the adverse effects of global warming by shifting production to regions with the suitable weath er conditions. In Spain, some of the major wine companies have already started to prepare for the effects of global warming on their current vineyards by purchasing land at elevated and cooler regions so that they can shift production in the future (Holland Barry, 2010). While such a solution might work for a few wine makers, it is unfeasible for most players in the industry. The capital requirements of such a response make it inappropriate for most vineyard owners. It will therefore be necessary to include responses that mitigate global changes or ensure that the wine grapes are able to withstand the climatic changes being experienced. Water Uses Controlling water usage in vineyards will have an impact on the GHG emissions of the wine industry. Efficient water usage will reduce the carbon emissions by wine makers since as it currently stands, a significant amount of energy is used for pumping water to the crops in most vineyards which do not rely on natural rainfall for their wate r. A number of innovative techniques have been used to try minimizing the water usage of vineyards. Many wine grape producers have employed irrigation methods that minimize water loss (Galbreath, 2011). By using methods such as drip irrigation, vineyards have ensured that the available water is used in the optimal way. In addition to this, some vineyards have built shades to shield the plants from intense heat. This method reduces water usage by limiting transpiration levels. Another adaptation technique will be shifting to grape varieties that do not require high volumes of water. As the effects of global warming become more prevalent, it will be desirable to use grape varieties that can survive with limited water supplies. Varieties such as Aglianico and Fiano, which thrive in warmer climates such as those, found in northern Africa and southern Italy could be used as substitutes when cooler regions begin to warm (Whetton Webb, 2007). This approach will ensure that the vineyards a re able to survive with limited water supplies. Organic growing practices Organic viticulture can be used to reduce the carbon emissions of vineyards. One implementation of organic agriculture in wine grape production is biodynamic viticulture, which involves maintaining a small number of different animals on the property to provide natural fertilizers and turn the soil (Colman Paster, 2007). This natural method ensures that the vineyard is free from pests without using chemicals. When organic viticulture is implemented, fertilizer used in the vineyard is drastically reduced. The pollution and GHG emissions associated with agrichemical use are dramatically reduced when organic farming is practiced. Conclusion There is a general acceptance that global warming is happening and it is having some impacts all over the world. This paper set out to address the impacts of global warming on the wine industry and highlight how wine makers can react to this phenomenon in order to continue pro ducing high quality wines. The paper began by noting that wine grapes are prone to the effects of global warming since they are some of the most climate sensitive fruits. It then proceeded to discuss the various problems that wine makers will face because of global warming. The paper noted that climate change will reduce the optimum harvest window for high quality wines, shift the suitable locations for some varieties of wine grapes, and impose greater challenges in managing water resources. Global warming will also lead to the destruction of some wine grape varieties and this will be detrimental to the wine industry. While climate change mitigation strategies are preferable, adaptive actions may be necessary where the climate changes have already begun to affect wine production. The paper has declared that wine makers will have to be prepared for all potential impacts of global warming to the industry. Some of the ways in which they can respond to climate change is by shifting to g eographical locations that have conducive weather for grape production, using wine grape varieties that are suited for the new climatic conditions, and looking for more efficient ways to utilize the available water resources. If the responses articulated in this paper are followed by the wine industry, wine makers will be able to continue producing consistently high quality wines into the future and reduce the rate of climate change by reducing the carbon emissions by the industry. References Colman, T., Paster, P. (2007). Red, White, and Green: The Cost of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Global Wine Trade. Journal of Wine Research, 20 (1), 15–26. Galbreath, J. (2011). To What Extent is Business Responding to Climate Change? Evidence from a Global Wine Producer. J Bus Ethics, 104 (1), 421–432. Goldenberg, S. (2013). Climate change will threaten wine production, study shows. Web. Holland, T., Barry, S. (2010). Climate Change and the Wine Industry: Current Research The mes and New Directions. Journal of Wine Research, 21 (2), 125–136. Jones, G. (2012). Impact of climate change on wine production: a global overview and regional assessment in the Douro Valley of Portugal. Int. J. Global Warming, 4(3), 383-406. Lasink, D. (2004). Grape Expectations. Weatherwise, 57(5), 22-27. Sampedro, E., Sanchez, M. (2010). The Environment as a Critical Success Factor in the Wine Industry: Implications for Management Control Systems. Journal of Wine Research, 21(2), 179-195. Smart, R. (2006). Global warming: the biggest challenge to face the Australian wine sector. Australian New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 21(4), 14-15. Webb, L.B., Whetton, P.H., Barlow, W.R. (2008) Modelling the relationship between climate, winegrape price and winegrape quality in Australia, Climate Research, 36(1), 89–98. Whetton, P. Webb, L. (2007). Future Climate Change Impacts on Australian Viticulture. Web.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Problem Question - Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Problem Question - Law of Contract - Essay Example The appeal case will deal with two primary issues; whether the IndyBooks Ltd. adhered to the doctrine of incorporation; and whether an e-mail notification can be taken as form of acceptance of a contract. Doctrine of Incorporation The doctrine of incorporation in English law Contract Law refers to the attaching of terms and conditions to such agreements in a manner that the court acknowledges them as legitimate. For terms to be viewed as incorporated the following three conditions must be met: a) the offerer of the contract must notify the other party of the terms prior to or in the course of entering into the contract; b) the terms and conditions must be attached to the document containing the contract; and c) the originator of the terms must act â€Å"reasonably† to ensure that the terms are within the reach of the other party. These rules are however not statutory1. In this case, IndyBooks Limited met the three conditions by notifying Ryan of the terms and conditions during the registration process. ... She could read the terms and conditions or even download them but she ignored them. Ignoring terms of a contract is no defence to unawareness of the terms. Contractual document The second condition for incorporation of contract articles is that the terms must be written on a form that is planned to be the binding document. In this case the terms were part of the contract document that Ryan had filled and submitted online. Therefore, the defendant acted reasonably to meet this condition, and is likely to win in the appeal. In the United States, the rule of â€Å"minimum contacts† is used to decide most of online contract cases, especially those that are made by a party who is in the country and the other is outside of the country. In the case of Pres-Kap, Inc. v. System One, Direct Access, Inc., [1994] 636 So.3d 1351, for example, the court invoked the rule in arriving at the decision of the case2. In the case, Pres-Kap a party based in New York, chartered System One's automate d airline booking system with computer systems situated in Miami, Florida, but encountered problems with the transaction due to system failure. He then opted to not send the funds and System One filed claims for violation of the agreement in Florida. The court decided that a contractual agreement between two parties in which one party is out of the country does not meet the â€Å"minimum contacts† doctrine for personal jurisdiction. The local company that owned the server was also inadequately prepared to corroborate this. Otherwise, by granting the plaintiff’s prayers, the court predicted that future users of Internet-based services will jam courtrooms wherever particular servers were located. In light of the decision on Pres-Kap, Inc. v. System One, Direct Access, Inc., the court may rule in